2023 Artifacts
Wrecks of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site
Recovered from HMS Erebus, on lower deck
September 2023
ᐱᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑯᐃᓐ ᐅᒥᐊᖁᑖᓂᑦ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ ᒥᑦ (HMS Erebus), ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐊᑦᑎᓐᓂᖓᓂ
ᓯᑎᐱᕆ 2023
Parallel Rule
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Where was this artifact found?
This parallel rule was discovered on the lower deck of Erebus, in the presumed cabin of Second Lieutenant Henry Thomas Dundas Le Vesconte.
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What material is this artifact made of?
The straight edges are made of an exotic hardwood, while the hinges are made of a copper alloy, likely brass.
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What was this artifact used for?
Parallel rules are essential tools for navigators and cartographers. They are mainly used for plotting and maintaining a course on a nautical chart. This specific example might have been used by Second Lieutenant Le Vesconte based on its archaeological context aboard Erebus. Other folding rules were found in the same drawer.
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What do we know about this artifact?
Although recovered from Le Vesconte’s presumed cabin, the instrument is marked with two sets of initials: “GH” and “RF”. Expedition crew members with corresponding initials include Lieutenant George H. Hodgson from Terror and Able Seaman Robert Ferrier of Erebus. If indeed owned or used by Le Vesconte, it is unclear how this parallel rule came to be on Erebus. It is also possible that the initials have another meaning.
Parallel Rule
-
Where was this artifact found?
This parallel rule was discovered on the lower deck of Erebus, in the presumed cabin of Second Lieutenant Henry Thomas Dundas Le Vesconte.
-
What material is this artifact made of?
The straight edges are made of an exotic hardwood, while the hinges are made of a copper alloy, likely brass.
-
What was this artifact used for?
Parallel rules are essential tools for navigators and cartographers. They are mainly used for plotting and maintaining a course on a nautical chart. This specific example might have been used by Second Lieutenant Le Vesconte based on its archaeological context aboard Erebus. Other folding rules were found in the same drawer.
-
What do we know about this artifact?
Although recovered from Le Vesconte’s presumed cabin, the instrument is marked with two sets of initials: “GH” and “RF”. Expedition crew members with corresponding initials include Lieutenant George H. Hodgson from Terror and Able Seaman Robert Ferrier of Erebus. If indeed owned or used by Le Vesconte, it is unclear how this parallel rule came to be on Erebus. It is also possible that the initials have another meaning.
ᐆᒡᑐᕋᐅᑎ
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ᓇᑭᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᕙ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐆᒡᑐᕋᐅᑎ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ (Erebus), ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᓯᓂᕝᕕᒥᓂᐅᓇᓱᒋᔭᐅᔪᒥ ᑐᖏᓕᐊᑕ ᓘᑎᐊᓇᓐᑦ ᕼᐃᐊᓐᓄᕆ ᑖᒪᔅ ᑕᓐᐸᔅ ᓕ ᕕᐊᔅᑳᓐᑦ (Henry Thomas Dundas Le Vesconte).
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ᑭᓱᒥᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᑐᑭᓕᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᑭᓪᓕᖏᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᓂᖃᖅᑐᑦ ᑎᓯᔪᒥᑦ ᕿᔪᒻᒥᑦ, ᐅᐃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᓂᖃᖅᑐᑎ ᑳᐳᔅᓴᔭᒥᑦ, ᐳᕌᔅᖑᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ.
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ᑭᓱᒧᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐆᓲᕕᓂᖅ?
ᐆᒡᑐᕋᐅᑎ ᐱᑕᖃᕆᐊᖃᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑎᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᐊᖅᑯᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᓄᓇᖑᐊᓕᐅᖅᑎᓄᑦ. ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑎᒃ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔾᔪᑎᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐊᖅᑯᑎᒋᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᑐᕐᕕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᑐᕌᖅᑕᖏᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᐃᒫᒍᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋ. ᑖᓐᓇ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔾᔪᑎᐅᔪᖅ ᐆᑦᑑᑎᒥᓂᐅᓱᕆᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑐᖏᓕᖓᓄᑦ ᓘᑎᐊᓇᓐᑦ ᓕ ᕕᐊᔅᑳᓐᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᒋᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᓴᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖓᓂ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ (Erebus). ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐱᕆᑦᑕᖅᑐᑦ ᐆᒡᑐᕋᐅᑎ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑕᕝᕙᓂᔅᓴᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐊᒧᔫᒥᑦ.
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ᖃᓄᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᕙ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᐱᔭᐅᒐᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓕ ᕕᐊᔅᑳᓐᑦ ᓯᓂᕝᕕᖓᓂ, ᖃᐅᔨᓴᐅᑎᐅᔪᖅ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᒃᑯᓯᖅᓯᒪᓚᐅᕐᑐᖅ ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓂ ᐊᑎᖓᑕ ᐱᒋᐊᖓᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂ: “GH” ᐊᒻᒪ “RF”. ᖃᐅᔨᓇᓱᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑕᐃᑦ ᐊᑎᖏᑕ ᐱᒋᐊᙵᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᕐᓯᒪᓚᐅᕐᑐᑦ ᓘᑎᐊᓇᓐᑦ ᔪᐊᔾ H. ᕼᐊᑦᓴᓐ ᐃᑭᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖓᓂᑦ ᑎᐅᕈᕐ (Terror) ᐊᒻᒪ ᐊᐃᐳᓪ ᓰᒪᓐ ᕌᐳᑦ ᓴᕕᕋᔭᓕᕆᔨ ᐃᑭᒪᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᕆᐸᔅᒥ (Erebus). ᓇᒻᒥᓂᕆᔭᐅᓐᓂᕈᑎᒃ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᑲᐃᓐᓇᓚᐅᕐᑑᒃ ᓕ ᕕᐊᔅᑳᓐᑦᒧᑦ, ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᒪᖏᑦᑐᖅ ᖃᓄᖅ ᑖᓐᓇ ᑐᑭᓕᐊᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐆᒡᑐᕋᐅᑎ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒦᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ (Erebus). ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐊᑎᕐᓄᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂ ᒥᔅᓯᖃᕈᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ.
ᐆᒡᑐᕋᐅᑎ
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ᓇᑭᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᕙ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐆᒡᑐᕋᐅᑎ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ (Erebus), ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᓯᓂᕝᕕᒥᓂᐅᓇᓱᒋᔭᐅᔪᒥ ᑐᖏᓕᐊᑕ ᓘᑎᐊᓇᓐᑦ ᕼᐃᐊᓐᓄᕆ ᑖᒪᔅ ᑕᓐᐸᔅ ᓕ ᕕᐊᔅᑳᓐᑦ (Henry Thomas Dundas Le Vesconte).
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ᑭᓱᒥᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᑐᑭᓕᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᑭᓪᓕᖏᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᓂᖃᖅᑐᑦ ᑎᓯᔪᒥᑦ ᕿᔪᒻᒥᑦ, ᐅᐃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᓂᖃᖅᑐᑎ ᑳᐳᔅᓴᔭᒥᑦ, ᐳᕌᔅᖑᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ.
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ᑭᓱᒧᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐆᓲᕕᓂᖅ?
ᐆᒡᑐᕋᐅᑎ ᐱᑕᖃᕆᐊᖃᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑎᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᐊᖅᑯᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᓄᓇᖑᐊᓕᐅᖅᑎᓄᑦ. ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᑎᒃ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔾᔪᑎᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐊᖅᑯᑎᒋᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᑐᕐᕕᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᑐᕌᖅᑕᖏᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᐃᒫᒍᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋ. ᑖᓐᓇ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔾᔪᑎᐅᔪᖅ ᐆᑦᑑᑎᒥᓂᐅᓱᕆᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑐᖏᓕᖓᓄᑦ ᓘᑎᐊᓇᓐᑦ ᓕ ᕕᐊᔅᑳᓐᑦ ᑐᙵᕕᒋᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᓴᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖓᓂ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ (Erebus). ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐱᕆᑦᑕᖅᑐᑦ ᐆᒡᑐᕋᐅᑎ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑕᕝᕙᓂᔅᓴᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐊᒧᔫᒥᑦ.
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ᖃᓄᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᕙ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᐱᔭᐅᒐᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓕ ᕕᐊᔅᑳᓐᑦ ᓯᓂᕝᕕᖓᓂ, ᖃᐅᔨᓴᐅᑎᐅᔪᖅ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᒃᑯᓯᖅᓯᒪᓚᐅᕐᑐᖅ ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓂ ᐊᑎᖓᑕ ᐱᒋᐊᖓᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂ: “GH” ᐊᒻᒪ “RF”. ᖃᐅᔨᓇᓱᐊᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑕᐃᑦ ᐊᑎᖏᑕ ᐱᒋᐊᙵᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᕐᓯᒪᓚᐅᕐᑐᑦ ᓘᑎᐊᓇᓐᑦ ᔪᐊᔾ H. ᕼᐊᑦᓴᓐ ᐃᑭᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖓᓂᑦ ᑎᐅᕈᕐ (Terror) ᐊᒻᒪ ᐊᐃᐳᓪ ᓰᒪᓐ ᕌᐳᑦ ᓴᕕᕋᔭᓕᕆᔨ ᐃᑭᒪᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᕆᐸᔅᒥ (Erebus). ᓇᒻᒥᓂᕆᔭᐅᓐᓂᕈᑎᒃ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᑲᐃᓐᓇᓚᐅᕐᑑᒃ ᓕ ᕕᐊᔅᑳᓐᑦᒧᑦ, ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᒪᖏᑦᑐᖅ ᖃᓄᖅ ᑖᓐᓇ ᑐᑭᓕᐊᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐆᒡᑐᕋᐅᑎ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒦᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ (Erebus). ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐊᑎᕐᓄᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂ ᒥᔅᓯᖃᕈᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ.
Recovered from HMS Erebus, on lower deck
September 2023
ᐱᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑯᐃᓐ ᐅᒥᐊᖁᑖᓂᑦ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ ᒥᑦ (HMS Erebus), ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐊᑦᑎᓐᓂᖓᓂ
ᓯᑎᐱᕆ 2023
Medicinal Vial
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Where was this artifact found?
This small medicinal vial was recovered from a drawer on Erebus, on the lower deck.
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What material is this artifact made of?
The small cylindrical vial with a narrow neck is made of colourless glass. Its stopper is made of wood. The container’s body bears the letter “K” and a broad arrow.
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What was this artifact used for?
According to the Regulations and Instructions, for the Medical Officers of His Majesty's Fleet (1835), Royal Navy medicine chests would contain a fixed number of empty 1.5 oz. vials marked “K” (depending on the chest size) that could be used for a variety of products.
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What do we know about this artifact?
This vial was sealed and contained a grey substance that was identified by Parks Canada scientists as shark liver oil of an unknown species. As an example, we know that Greenland sharks (Somniosus microcephalus) were hunted commercially in Iceland for their liver oil and skin up to the mid-twentieth century. They are now considered a threatened species.
Medicinal Vial
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Where was this artifact found?
This small medicinal vial was recovered from a drawer on Erebus, on the lower deck.
-
What material is this artifact made of?
The small cylindrical vial with a narrow neck is made of colourless glass. Its stopper is made of wood. The container’s body bears the letter “K” and a broad arrow.
-
What was this artifact used for?
According to the Regulations and Instructions, for the Medical Officers of His Majesty's Fleet (1835), Royal Navy medicine chests would contain a fixed number of empty 1.5 oz. vials marked “K” (depending on the chest size) that could be used for a variety of products.
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What do we know about this artifact?
This vial was sealed and contained a grey substance that was identified by Parks Canada scientists as shark liver oil of an unknown species. As an example, we know that Greenland sharks (Somniosus microcephalus) were hunted commercially in Iceland for their liver oil and skin up to the mid-twentieth century. They are now considered a threatened species.
ᐃᓅᓕᓴᐅᑎ
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ᓇᑭᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᕙ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᒥᑭᔪᖅ ᐃᓅᓕᓴᐅᑎ ᐱᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒧᔫᒥᑦ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ (Erebus), ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖓᑕ ᐊᑦᑎᓐᓂᖓᓂ.
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ᑭᓱᒥᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᒥᑭᔪᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑭᑕᐅᔨᖓᔪᖅ ᐃᓅᓕᓴᐅᑎ ᐹᑭᑦᑐᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓂᖓ ᐊᓕᒎᓪᓗᓂ. ᓯᒥᖓ ᕿᔪᖕᒥᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ. ᐴᖓ ᑎᑎᖅᑲᖅᑕᓕᒃ “K”−ᒥᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᖃᕐᔪᓐᖑᐊᖃᖅᑐᓂ ᐊᖏᔪᒥᑦ.
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ᑭᓱᒧᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐆᓲᕕᓂᖅ?
ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒋᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᒪᓕᒐᖏᑦ, ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑐᓕᕆᔩᑦ ᑯᐃᓐ ᐅᒥᐊᖏᓐᓂ (1835), ᕈᐃᔪ ᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᖅᑏᑦ ᐃᓅᓕᓴᐅᑎᖃᕐᕕᖓ ᐃᓗᓕᖃᕐᐸᑦᑐᒥᓃ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᖃᐅᕐᑐᑎᒃ ᐃᓗᓕᖃᖏᑦᑐᑦ 1.5 oz ᐃᓗᓕᖃᐅᑏᑦ ᑎᑎᖅᓯᒪᔪᓖ “K”−ᒥᑦ (ᒪᑐᓕᖁᑎᐅᑉᑉ ᐊᖏᓂᖓ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒍ) ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᕐᑐᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᖏᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᑭᓱᑐᐃᓐᓴᕐᓄᑦ.
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ᖃᓄᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᕙ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᐃᓅᓕᓴᐅᑎ ᒪᑐᐊᕐᓯᒪᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐃᓗᓕᖃᖅᑐᓂ ᑮᕐᓈᖓᔪᒥᑦ ᖁᔾᔪᒥᑦ ᐊᒥᐊᓕᒃ ᐃᓗᓕᖓ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᒥᕐᖑᐃᓯᕐᕕᓕᕆᔩᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᔾᔪᐊᑉ ᑎᖒᖓᑕ ᐅᖅᓱᖓᓂᑦ ᐃᓗᓕᖃᕐᓂᕋᕐᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᖏᑦᑐᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᓪᓚᑦᑕᖑᓂᖓ ᐃᖃᓗᒃᔪᐊᖅ. ᐆᑦᑐᕋᐅᑎᒋᓗᒍ, ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔪᒍᑦ ᐊᑯᑭᑦᑐᓂ ᐃᖃᓗᒃᔪᐊᖏᑦ (Somniosus microcephalus) ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕋᓱᐊᕐᑐᓄᑦᑦ ᐊᐃᔅᓚᓐᒥ ᑎᖑᖏᑕ ᐅᖅᓱᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐊᒥᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᕿᑎᐊᓂ 1900−ᖏᓐᓂ. ᒫᓐᓇ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᓕᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒦᓕᕆᐊᖏᑦ ᓄᖑᑐᐃᓐᓇᕆᐊᖃᓕᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐆᒪᔫᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒃᔪᐊᑦ.
ᐃᓅᓕᓴᐅᑎ
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ᓇᑭᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᕙ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᒥᑭᔪᖅ ᐃᓅᓕᓴᐅᑎ ᐱᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒧᔫᒥᑦ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ (Erebus), ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖓᑕ ᐊᑦᑎᓐᓂᖓᓂ.
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ᑭᓱᒥᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᒥᑭᔪᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑭᑕᐅᔨᖓᔪᖅ ᐃᓅᓕᓴᐅᑎ ᐹᑭᑦᑐᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓂᖓ ᐊᓕᒎᓪᓗᓂ. ᓯᒥᖓ ᕿᔪᖕᒥᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ. ᐴᖓ ᑎᑎᖅᑲᖅᑕᓕᒃ “K”−ᒥᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᖃᕐᔪᓐᖑᐊᖃᖅᑐᓂ ᐊᖏᔪᒥᑦ.
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ᑭᓱᒧᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐆᓲᕕᓂᖅ?
ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒋᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᒪᓕᒐᖏᑦ, ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑐᓕᕆᔩᑦ ᑯᐃᓐ ᐅᒥᐊᖏᓐᓂ (1835), ᕈᐃᔪ ᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᖅᑏᑦ ᐃᓅᓕᓴᐅᑎᖃᕐᕕᖓ ᐃᓗᓕᖃᕐᐸᑦᑐᒥᓃ ᓈᓴᐅᑎᖃᐅᕐᑐᑎᒃ ᐃᓗᓕᖃᖏᑦᑐᑦ 1.5 oz ᐃᓗᓕᖃᐅᑏᑦ ᑎᑎᖅᓯᒪᔪᓖ “K”−ᒥᑦ (ᒪᑐᓕᖁᑎᐅᑉᑉ ᐊᖏᓂᖓ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒍ) ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᕐᑐᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᖏᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᑭᓱᑐᐃᓐᓴᕐᓄᑦ.
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ᖃᓄᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᕙ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᐃᓅᓕᓴᐅᑎ ᒪᑐᐊᕐᓯᒪᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐃᓗᓕᖃᖅᑐᓂ ᑮᕐᓈᖓᔪᒥᑦ ᖁᔾᔪᒥᑦ ᐊᒥᐊᓕᒃ ᐃᓗᓕᖓ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᒥᕐᖑᐃᓯᕐᕕᓕᕆᔩᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᔾᔪᐊᑉ ᑎᖒᖓᑕ ᐅᖅᓱᖓᓂᑦ ᐃᓗᓕᖃᕐᓂᕋᕐᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᖏᑦᑐᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᓪᓚᑦᑕᖑᓂᖓ ᐃᖃᓗᒃᔪᐊᖅ. ᐆᑦᑐᕋᐅᑎᒋᓗᒍ, ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔪᒍᑦ ᐊᑯᑭᑦᑐᓂ ᐃᖃᓗᒃᔪᐊᖏᑦ (Somniosus microcephalus) ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕋᓱᐊᕐᑐᓄᑦᑦ ᐊᐃᔅᓚᓐᒥ ᑎᖑᖏᑕ ᐅᖅᓱᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐊᒥᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᕿᑎᐊᓂ 1900−ᖏᓐᓂ. ᒫᓐᓇ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᓕᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᖅᑐᒦᓕᕆᐊᖏᑦ ᓄᖑᑐᐃᓐᓇᕆᐊᖃᓕᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐆᒪᔫᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒃᔪᐊᑦ.
Observed near HMS Erebus on seafloor
September 2023
ᑕᑯᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓂ ᑯᐃᓐ ᐅᒥᐊᖁᑖᑕ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ (HMS Erebus) ᐃᖅᑳᓂ
ᓯᑎᐱᕆ 2023
Ice Anchor
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Where was this artifact found?
This ice anchor was observed on the seabed approximately 20 m north of the bow of Erebus.
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What material is this artifact made of?
Ice anchors were made of forged iron. A thick cable or hawser made of hemp would have been attached to an eye at one of its ends.
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What was this artifact used for?
Ice anchors were used to secure a vessel to pack ice during polar expeditions. They were also used to temporarily anchor to ice floes or bergs, or to heave the ship among ice when the sails and engine could not be used.
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What do we know about this artifact?
This specific example from Erebus is the only known example from the Franklin Expedition. The characteristic “S” shape of this common tackle is well known through Arctic literature, but only a handful of historic examples are preserved worldwide.
Ice Anchor
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Where was this artifact found?
This ice anchor was observed on the seabed approximately 20 m north of the bow of Erebus.
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What material is this artifact made of?
Ice anchors were made of forged iron. A thick cable or hawser made of hemp would have been attached to an eye at one of its ends.
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What was this artifact used for?
Ice anchors were used to secure a vessel to pack ice during polar expeditions. They were also used to temporarily anchor to ice floes or bergs, or to heave the ship among ice when the sails and engine could not be used.
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What do we know about this artifact?
This specific example from Erebus is the only known example from the Franklin Expedition. The characteristic “S” shape of this common tackle is well known through Arctic literature, but only a handful of historic examples are preserved worldwide.
ᓯᑯᒧᑦ ᑭᓴᐅᑦ
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ᓇᑭᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᕙ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᓯᑯᒧᑦ ᑭᓴᐅᑦ ᑕᑯᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᖅᑲᖓᓂ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓂ 20 ᒦᑕᐃᑦ ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖓᓂ ᓯᕗᐊᓂ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ (Erebus).
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ᑭᓱᒥᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᓯᑯᒧᑦ ᑭᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓴᕕᕋᔭᓐᓂᑦ. ᐃᔾᔪᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐅᐊᔭᖏᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᓈᒧ ᑭᓴᐅᑎᓄᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᕈᖅᑐᒥᓂᕐᓂᑦ ᕼᐊᒻᑉ ᓄᕕᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᔪᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓪᓗᑐᑦ ᐃᓱᖏᒃ.
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ᑭᓱᒧᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐆᓲᕕᓂᖅ?
ᓯᑯᒧᑦ ᑭᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᐃᖅᓯᔾᔪᑎᐅᓪᓗᑎ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒥᑦ ᓯᑯᓄᑦ ᐱᖃᓗᔭᓄᓪᓗ ᐅᑭᐅᑕᖅᑐᒦᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ.. ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᑦᑕᐅ ᑭᓴᐅᑎᐅᑲᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎ ᓯᑯᒧᑦ ᓯᓈᖓᓂ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᖃᓗᔭᕐᓄᑦ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅ ᓯᑯᒧᑦ ᖃᕐᕕᑦᑎᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᑎᖏᕋᐅᑏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐅᓚᐅᑏᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᑎᓐᓇᒋᑦ.
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ᖃᓄᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᕙ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᑯᑕᖃᓪᓚᑦᑖᕐᓂᖓ ᐱᓯᒪᔪᖅᐃᕆᐸᒥ(Erebus)-ᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᑐᐊᖑᔪᖅ ᐆᑦᑐᕋᐅᑎᐅᔪᓂ ᕗᕌᒃᓚᓐ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ. ᑎᑎᖅᑲᖅ “S” ᓴᓇᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᐱᑕᖃᕋᔪᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᓂᓗ ᐅᑭᐅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᐃᓚᐃᓐᓇᖏᑦ ᐱᑐᖃᐃᑦ ᐆᑐᕋᐅᑏᑦ ᐱᓯᒪᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᓕᒫᒥᑦ.
ᓯᑯᒧᑦ ᑭᓴᐅᑦ
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ᓇᑭᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᕙ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᓯᑯᒧᑦ ᑭᓴᐅᑦ ᑕᑯᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᖅᑲᖓᓂ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓂ 20 ᒦᑕᐃᑦ ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖓᓂ ᓯᕗᐊᓂ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ (Erebus).
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ᑭᓱᒥᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᓯᑯᒧᑦ ᑭᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓴᕕᕋᔭᓐᓂᑦ. ᐃᔾᔪᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐅᐊᔭᖏᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᓈᒧ ᑭᓴᐅᑎᓄᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᕈᖅᑐᒥᓂᕐᓂᑦ ᕼᐊᒻᑉ ᓄᕕᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᔪᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓪᓗᑐᑦ ᐃᓱᖏᒃ.
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ᑭᓱᒧᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐆᓲᕕᓂᖅ?
ᓯᑯᒧᑦ ᑭᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᐃᖅᓯᔾᔪᑎᐅᓪᓗᑎ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒥᑦ ᓯᑯᓄᑦ ᐱᖃᓗᔭᓄᓪᓗ ᐅᑭᐅᑕᖅᑐᒦᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ.. ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᑦᑕᐅ ᑭᓴᐅᑎᐅᑲᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎ ᓯᑯᒧᑦ ᓯᓈᖓᓂ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᖃᓗᔭᕐᓄᑦ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅ ᓯᑯᒧᑦ ᖃᕐᕕᑦᑎᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᑎᖏᕋᐅᑏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᐅᓚᐅᑏᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᑎᓐᓇᒋᑦ.
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ᖃᓄᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᕙ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᑯᑕᖃᓪᓚᑦᑖᕐᓂᖓ ᐱᓯᒪᔪᖅᐃᕆᐸᒥ(Erebus)-ᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᑐᐊᖑᔪᖅ ᐆᑦᑐᕋᐅᑎᐅᔪᓂ ᕗᕌᒃᓚᓐ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ. ᑎᑎᖅᑲᖅ “S” ᓴᓇᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᐱᑕᖃᕋᔪᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐱᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᓂᓗ ᐅᑭᐅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᐃᓚᐃᓐᓇᖏᑦ ᐱᑐᖃᐃᑦ ᐆᑐᕋᐅᑏᑦ ᐱᓯᒪᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᓕᒫᒥᑦ.
Recovered from HMS Erebus, on lower deck
September 2023
ᐱᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᑯᐃᓐ ᐅᒥᐊᖁᑖᓂ ᐃᕆᐸᔅᒥᑦ (HMS Erebus), ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐊᑦᑎᓐᓂᖓᓂ
ᓯᑎᐱᕆ 2023
Pistol
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Where was this artifact found?
This pistol was recovered from a seaman's chest in Erebus’ forecastle, on the lower deck. More than 20 were observed in the same chest section, and three were raised.
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What material is this artifact made of?
The stock is made of wood (typically elm), and the mechanism and side plates were made of steel. The butt plate, escutcheons and barrel plate are brass.
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What was this artifact used for?
Pistols were used to shoot at short range and could be issued to the men for any operation where they would be engaged in close quarter combat. Their short barrel made them unsuitable for hunting.
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What do we know about this artifact?
Firearms were normally kept in the armoury aboard Royal Navy vessels. The presence of such a quantity outside of the armoury is highly unusual and especially so in a seaman’s chest. One possible explanation is that they were under the care of the Royal Marines Sergeant, since he and his men lived in the forecastle with the rest of the men. The pistols may have also been grouped in this chest by crew members in preparation for deserting the ship in 1848 or even assembled by Inuit who are known to have retrieved items from the ship before it sank.
Pistol
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Where was this artifact found?
This pistol was recovered from a seaman's chest in Erebus’ forecastle, on the lower deck. More than 20 were observed in the same chest section, and three were raised.
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What material is this artifact made of?
The stock is made of wood (typically elm), and the mechanism and side plates were made of steel. The butt plate, escutcheons and barrel plate are brass.
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What was this artifact used for?
Pistols were used to shoot at short range and could be issued to the men for any operation where they would be engaged in close quarter combat. Their short barrel made them unsuitable for hunting.
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What do we know about this artifact?
Firearms were normally kept in the armoury aboard Royal Navy vessels. The presence of such a quantity outside of the armoury is highly unusual and especially so in a seaman’s chest. One possible explanation is that they were under the care of the Royal Marines Sergeant, since he and his men lived in the forecastle with the rest of the men. The pistols may have also been grouped in this chest by crew members in preparation for deserting the ship in 1848 or even assembled by Inuit who are known to have retrieved items from the ship before it sank.
ᐃᓪᓗᐃᓇᖅᑑᑦ
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ᓇᑭᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᕙ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᐃᓪᓗᐃᓇᖅᑑᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᖅᐸᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᑦᑎᕐᕕᖓᓂᑦ ᐃᕆᐸᔅᒥᑦ (Erebus) ᓯᕗᐊᓂᖅᐸᓯ, ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐊᑦᑎᓐᓂᖓᓂᑦ. ᐅᖓᑖᓃᑦᑐᑦ 20 ᑕᑯᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑕᕝᕙᓂᔅᓴᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᑭᓱᒐᓚᖃᕐᕕᒻᒥᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪ ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᓚᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ.
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ᑭᓱᒥᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᖁᑭᐅᑎᐅᑉ ᑎᒍᒥᐊᕐᕕᖓ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᕿᔪᒻᒥᑦ (ᕿᔫᒐᔪᓚᐅᖅᑕᑐᑦ ᐊᑎᓖᑦ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑎᑐᑦ ᐃᐅᓪᒻ), ᐊᒻᒪ ᖁᑭᐅᑦᑕᐅᔭᖓ ᐊᒻᒪ ᓴᓂᕋᖏᓐᓃᑦᑐᑦ ᓴᕕᕋᔭᐅᒐᔪᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ. ᑎᒍᒻᒥᕕᖓ, ᓴᐳᒻᒥᔾᔪᑎᖓ ᐊᒻᒪ ᖁᑭᐅᑦᑕᐅᔭᖓ ᑲᓐᓄᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ.
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ᑭᓱᒧᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐆᓲᕕᓂᖅ?
ᐃᓪᓗᐃᓇᓇᖅᑑᑎᑦ ᖁᑭᕆᐊᕈᓐᓇᕐᑐᑦ ᖃᓂᑦᑐᒧᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᒻᒪ ᑐᓂᔭᐅᕙᑦᑐᑎᒃ ᐊᖑᑏᑦ ᓇᓪᓕᐊᓐᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒋᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᒃ ᖃᓂᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑐᓄᑦ. ᓇᑦᑐᖏᑦ ᖁᑭᐅᑏᑦ ᐃᓪᓗᐃᓇᕐᑑᑏᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒍᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᓚᐅᓐᖏᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᑲᐅᓐᖏᓗᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ.
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ᖃᓄᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᕙ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᖁᑭᐅᑏᑦ ᖁᑭᐅᑎᒃᑯᕕᒻᒦᒐᔪᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᕈᐃᔪ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖏᓐᓂ. ᐊᒥᓱᓂᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᑕᖃᕋᔪᓚᐅᓐᖏᑦᑐᖅ ᓯᓚᑖᓂ ᖁᑭᐅᑎᒃᑯᕖᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥ ᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᖃᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᑭᓱᒐᓚᐅᑎᖃᕐᕕᖓᓂ. ᓱᒻᒪᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓚᐅᕐᒪᖔᑕ ᑲᖐᓲᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᑲᒪᔨᐅᑎᑕᐅᓚᐅᕐᑐᑦᓴᐅᒻᒪᑦ ᕈᐃᔪ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑕᐃᑦ ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑏᑦ ᓵᓐᔭᖓᑦ, ᑖᓐᓇ ᐊᓯᖏᓪᓗ ᐊᖑᑎᖏᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒥᐅᖑᖃᑕᐅᓚᐅᕐᒪᑕ ᓯᕗᖅᐸᓯᐊᓂ ᓴᓂᐊᓂ ᐃᓚᖏᑕ ᐊᖑᑏᑦ. ᑖᓐᓇ ᐃᓪᓗᐃᓇᖅᑑᑦ ᓇᖅᑑᑦ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᑕᕝᕙᓂ ᑭᓱᒐᓚᐅᑎᖃᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑕᓄᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᑦᑐᑎ ᕿᒪᐃᓂᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒥ 1848−ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓂᑰᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᓚᐅᕐᒪᑕ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒥ ᑎᒍᓯᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑰᒋᐊᖏᑦ ᑭᕕᓚᐅᖅᑎᓐᓇᒍ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅ.
ᐃᓪᓗᐃᓇᖅᑑᑦ
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ᓇᑭᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᕙ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᐃᓪᓗᐃᓇᖅᑑᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᖅᐸᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᑦᑎᕐᕕᖓᓂᑦ ᐃᕆᐸᔅᒥᑦ (Erebus) ᓯᕗᐊᓂᖅᐸᓯ, ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐊᑦᑎᓐᓂᖓᓂᑦ. ᐅᖓᑖᓃᑦᑐᑦ 20 ᑕᑯᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑕᕝᕙᓂᔅᓴᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᑭᓱᒐᓚᖃᕐᕕᒻᒥᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪ ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᓚᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ.
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ᑭᓱᒥᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᖁᑭᐅᑎᐅᑉ ᑎᒍᒥᐊᕐᕕᖓ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᕿᔪᒻᒥᑦ (ᕿᔫᒐᔪᓚᐅᖅᑕᑐᑦ ᐊᑎᓖᑦ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑎᑐᑦ ᐃᐅᓪᒻ), ᐊᒻᒪ ᖁᑭᐅᑦᑕᐅᔭᖓ ᐊᒻᒪ ᓴᓂᕋᖏᓐᓃᑦᑐᑦ ᓴᕕᕋᔭᐅᒐᔪᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ. ᑎᒍᒻᒥᕕᖓ, ᓴᐳᒻᒥᔾᔪᑎᖓ ᐊᒻᒪ ᖁᑭᐅᑦᑕᐅᔭᖓ ᑲᓐᓄᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ.
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ᑭᓱᒧᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐆᓲᕕᓂᖅ?
ᐃᓪᓗᐃᓇᓇᖅᑑᑎᑦ ᖁᑭᕆᐊᕈᓐᓇᕐᑐᑦ ᖃᓂᑦᑐᒧᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᒻᒪ ᑐᓂᔭᐅᕙᑦᑐᑎᒃ ᐊᖑᑏᑦ ᓇᓪᓕᐊᓐᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᑐᒋᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᒃ ᖃᓂᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᐅᓇᑕᖅᑐᓄᑦ. ᓇᑦᑐᖏᑦ ᖁᑭᐅᑏᑦ ᐃᓪᓗᐃᓇᕐᑑᑏᑦ ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒍᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᓚᐅᓐᖏᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᑲᐅᓐᖏᓗᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ.
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ᖃᓄᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᕙ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᖁᑭᐅᑏᑦ ᖁᑭᐅᑎᒃᑯᕕᒻᒦᒐᔪᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᕈᐃᔪ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖏᓐᓂ. ᐊᒥᓱᓂᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᑕᖃᕋᔪᓚᐅᓐᖏᑦᑐᖅ ᓯᓚᑖᓂ ᖁᑭᐅᑎᒃᑯᕖᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐱᓗᐊᖅᑐᒥ ᐅᒥᐊᖅᑐᖃᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᑭᓱᒐᓚᐅᑎᖃᕐᕕᖓᓂ. ᓱᒻᒪᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓚᐅᕐᒪᖔᑕ ᑲᖐᓲᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᑲᒪᔨᐅᑎᑕᐅᓚᐅᕐᑐᑦᓴᐅᒻᒪᑦ ᕈᐃᔪ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑕᐃᑦ ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑏᑦ ᓵᓐᔭᖓᑦ, ᑖᓐᓇ ᐊᓯᖏᓪᓗ ᐊᖑᑎᖏᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒥᐅᖑᖃᑕᐅᓚᐅᕐᒪᑕ ᓯᕗᖅᐸᓯᐊᓂ ᓴᓂᐊᓂ ᐃᓚᖏᑕ ᐊᖑᑏᑦ. ᑖᓐᓇ ᐃᓪᓗᐃᓇᖅᑑᑦ ᓇᖅᑑᑦ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᒍᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᑕᕝᕙᓂ ᑭᓱᒐᓚᐅᑎᖃᕐᕕᒻᒥ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑕᓄᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᑦᑐᑎ ᕿᒪᐃᓂᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒥ 1848−ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᑦᑕᐅᓂᑰᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᓚᐅᕐᒪᑕ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒥ ᑎᒍᓯᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑰᒋᐊᖏᑦ ᑭᕕᓚᐅᖅᑎᓐᓇᒍ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅ.
Recovered from HMS Erebus, on lower deck
September 2023
ᐱᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᑯᐃᓐ ᐅᒥᐊᖁᑖᓂ ᐃᕆᐸᔅᒥᑦ (HMS Erebus), ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐊᑦᑎᓐᓂᖓᓂ
ᓯᑎᐱᕆ 2023
Reel for Fishing Rod
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Where was this artifact found?
This reel and associated rod were discovered on the lower deck of Erebus, in the presumed cabin of Second Lieutenant Henry Thomas Dundas Le Vesconte.
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What material is this artifact made of?
The reel is made of brass, while the handle knob is made of a hardwood. The rod is made of wooden sections which screw together. The rod and reel were stored in a leather case.
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What was this artifact used for?
Given its archaeological context and the quality of the object, this fishing rod was likely used by an officer, presumably Le Vesconte. Rods and reels were used for sport fishing rather than fishing for food, which was typically done with hand lines or nets.
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What do we know about this artifact?
This artifact is typical of British reels of the period. Thin strands of leather would be threaded through the holes in the foot of the reel to secure it to the rod. The reel and relatively short, sturdy rod would likely have been used for fishing with a float and a baited hook, in contrast to the much longer rods used for fly fishing.
Reel for Fishing Rod
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Where was this artifact found?
This reel and associated rod were discovered on the lower deck of Erebus, in the presumed cabin of Second Lieutenant Henry Thomas Dundas Le Vesconte.
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What material is this artifact made of?
The reel is made of brass, while the handle knob is made of a hardwood. The rod is made of wooden sections which screw together. The rod and reel were stored in a leather case.
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What was this artifact used for?
Given its archaeological context and the quality of the object, this fishing rod was likely used by an officer, presumably Le Vesconte. Rods and reels were used for sport fishing rather than fishing for food, which was typically done with hand lines or nets.
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What do we know about this artifact?
This artifact is typical of British reels of the period. Thin strands of leather would be threaded through the holes in the foot of the reel to secure it to the rod. The reel and relatively short, sturdy rod would likely have been used for fishing with a float and a baited hook, in contrast to the much longer rods used for fly fishing.
ᐃᒻᒧᕕᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᓴᐅᒻᒧᑦ
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ᓇᑭᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᕙ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᐃᒻᒧᕕᒃ ᐊᑕᔪᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᓴᐅᒻᒧᑦ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐊᑦᑎᓐᓂᖓᓂ ᐃᕆᐸᔅᒥ (Erebus), ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᓇᔪᒐᖓᓂ ᑐᖏᓕᐅᑉ ᓘᑎᐊᓇᓐᑦ ᕼᐃᓐᓄᕆ ᑖᒪᔅ ᑕᓐᑕᔅ ᓕ ᕕᐊᔅᑳᓐᑦ.
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ᑭᓱᒥᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᐃᒻᒧᕕᒃ ᓴᓇᒪᔪᖅ ᑲᓐᓄᔭᒥᑦ ᒥ, ᑎᒍᒻᒥᕕᖓ ᑎᓴᑦᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᕿᔪᒃ. ᐊᐅᓚᓴᐅᑦ ᕿᔫᓪᓗᓂ ᕿᔾᔮᓄᑦ ᐊᑦᓱᖏᕐᓯᒪᔫᒃ. ᐊᐅᓚᓴᐅᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐃᒻᒧᕕᖓ ᑐᖅᑯᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖃᖅᑎᒐᔭᒻᒥ ᐴᖅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᒃ.
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ᑭᓱᒧᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐆᓲᕕᓂᖅ?
ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᓴᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ, ᑖᓐᓇ ᐊᐅᓚᓴᐅᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦᓴᐅᔪᖅ ᑲᒪᔨᒧᑦ, ᐃᒻᒪᖃ ᓕᕕᐊᔅᑳᓐᒧᑦ. ᐊᐅᓚᓴᐅᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐃᒻᒧᕕᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᕙᒪᓚᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᓐᖑᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᑐᓄᑦ ᓂᕿᔅᓴᐅᓐᖏᖔᖅᑐᓄᑦ, ᐊᑐᕐᑕᐅᒐᔪᓚᐅᕐᑐᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᑦᑐᐃᑦ ᐃᓴᒻᒥᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐊᒡᒐᒻᒧᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓄᓗᐊᓄᑦ.
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ᖃᓄᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᕙ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᓴᖅ ᐱᒋᔭᐅᒐᔪᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐳᕆᑎᔅᓄ ᐃᒻᒧᕕᖏᑦ ᑕᐃᔅᓱᒪᓂᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᓵᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᖃᖅᑎᒐᔭᐃᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᔪᖓᒎᖅᑎᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᓱᐊᓂ ᐃᒻᒧᕕᖓᓂ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᐃᓕᖅᑎᑦᑐᒍ ᐊᐅᓚᓴᐅᒻᒧᑦ. ᐃᒻᒧᕕᖓ ᐊᒻᒪ ᓇᐃᑦᑑᓪᓗᓂ, ᑎᒋᖓᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᓴᐅᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᒥᓂᖅ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᖅᑐᑎ ᐳᑦᑕᖁᑦᑎᓕᓐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪ ᓇᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᓂ ᓂᔅᓯᖓ, ᓴᓂᐊᓂ ᑕᑭᓂᖅᓴᐃᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᕐᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ.
ᐃᒻᒧᕕᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᓴᐅᒻᒧᑦ
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ᓇᑭᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᕙ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᐃᒻᒧᕕᒃ ᐊᑕᔪᖅ ᐊᐅᓚᓴᐅᒻᒧᑦ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐊᑦᑎᓐᓂᖓᓂ ᐃᕆᐸᔅᒥ (Erebus), ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᓇᔪᒐᖓᓂ ᑐᖏᓕᐅᑉ ᓘᑎᐊᓇᓐᑦ ᕼᐃᓐᓄᕆ ᑖᒪᔅ ᑕᓐᑕᔅ ᓕ ᕕᐊᔅᑳᓐᑦ.
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ᑭᓱᒥᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᐃᒻᒧᕕᒃ ᓴᓇᒪᔪᖅ ᑲᓐᓄᔭᒥᑦ ᒥ, ᑎᒍᒻᒥᕕᖓ ᑎᓴᑦᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᕿᔪᒃ. ᐊᐅᓚᓴᐅᑦ ᕿᔫᓪᓗᓂ ᕿᔾᔮᓄᑦ ᐊᑦᓱᖏᕐᓯᒪᔫᒃ. ᐊᐅᓚᓴᐅᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐃᒻᒧᕕᖓ ᑐᖅᑯᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖃᖅᑎᒐᔭᒻᒥ ᐴᖅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᒃ.
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ᑭᓱᒧᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐆᓲᕕᓂᖅ?
ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᓴᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ, ᑖᓐᓇ ᐊᐅᓚᓴᐅᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦᓴᐅᔪᖅ ᑲᒪᔨᒧᑦ, ᐃᒻᒪᖃ ᓕᕕᐊᔅᑳᓐᒧᑦ. ᐊᐅᓚᓴᐅᑎᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐃᒻᒧᕕᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᕙᒪᓚᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᓐᖑᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᑐᓄᑦ ᓂᕿᔅᓴᐅᓐᖏᖔᖅᑐᓄᑦ, ᐊᑐᕐᑕᐅᒐᔪᓚᐅᕐᑐᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᑦᑐᐃᑦ ᐃᓴᒻᒥᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐊᒡᒐᒻᒧᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓄᓗᐊᓄᑦ.
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ᖃᓄᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᕙ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᓴᖅ ᐱᒋᔭᐅᒐᔪᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐳᕆᑎᔅᓄ ᐃᒻᒧᕕᖏᑦ ᑕᐃᔅᓱᒪᓂᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᓵᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᖃᖅᑎᒐᔭᐃᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᔪᖓᒎᖅᑎᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᓱᐊᓂ ᐃᒻᒧᕕᖓᓂ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᐃᓕᖅᑎᑦᑐᒍ ᐊᐅᓚᓴᐅᒻᒧᑦ. ᐃᒻᒧᕕᖓ ᐊᒻᒪ ᓇᐃᑦᑑᓪᓗᓂ, ᑎᒋᖓᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᓴᐅᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᖅᑐᒥᓂᖅ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᖅᑐᑎ ᐳᑦᑕᖁᑦᑎᓕᓐᓂ ᐊᒻᒪ ᓇᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᓂ ᓂᔅᓯᖓ, ᓴᓂᐊᓂ ᑕᑭᓂᖅᓴᐃᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᒐᓱᐊᕐᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ.
Observed near HMS Erebus, on seafloor
September 2023
ᑕᑯᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖓᓂ ᑯᐃᓐ ᐅᒥᐊᖁᑖ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ (HMS Erebus), ᐃᖅᑳᓂ
ᓯᑎᐱᕆ 2023
Propeller
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Where was this artifact found?
This 2.18 m-long propeller was observed on the seafloor 43 m north of the bow of Erebus.
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What material is this artifact made of?
The propeller is made of a copper alloy, most likely bronze. The two-bladed propeller could be lowered and retracted within Erebus’ propeller aperture through a scuttle, to prevent ice damage to the propeller shaft and propeller itself. The aperture could be filled with protective chocks when the propeller was not in place.
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What was this artifact used for?
Erebus and Terror each carried two propellers. Their mounting and retracting arrangement are shown in an 1845 ship plan. The propeller and ship’s steam engine were used to propel the ships in a calm or among ice to maximize their chance of progress.
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What do we know about this artifact?
Two propellers have been observed at the Erebus site. Both correspond to a “Smith pattern”. One propeller is mostly buried in sediment and debris at the stern and might have been in its working position when the ship sank. The other, shown here, is located north of the site, and given that it is partly covered by canvas, could have been the spare that fell from the upper deck prior to or during wrecking.
Propeller
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Where was this artifact found?
This 2.18 m-long propeller was observed on the seafloor 43 m north of the bow of Erebus.
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What material is this artifact made of?
The propeller is made of a copper alloy, most likely bronze. The two-bladed propeller could be lowered and retracted within Erebus’ propeller aperture through a scuttle, to prevent ice damage to the propeller shaft and propeller itself. The aperture could be filled with protective chocks when the propeller was not in place.
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What was this artifact used for?
Erebus and Terror each carried two propellers. Their mounting and retracting arrangement are shown in an 1845 ship plan. The propeller and ship’s steam engine were used to propel the ships in a calm or among ice to maximize their chance of progress.
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What do we know about this artifact?
Two propellers have been observed at the Erebus site. Both correspond to a “Smith pattern”. One propeller is mostly buried in sediment and debris at the stern and might have been in its working position when the ship sank. The other, shown here, is located north of the site, and given that it is partly covered by canvas, could have been the spare that fell from the upper deck prior to or during wrecking.
ᐸᐅᑎ
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ᓇᑭᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᕙ?
ᑖᓐᓇ 2.18 ᒦᑕᐃᑦ ᑕᑭᓂᖓ ᐸᐅᑎᐅᑉ ᑕᑯᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᖓᓂ 43 ᒦᑕᐃᑦ ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖓᓂ ᓯᕗᐊᓂ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ (Erebus).
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ᑭᓱᒥᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᐸᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑲᓐᓄᔭᓂᑦ, ᐃᒻᒪᖃ ᓴᕕᕋᔭ ᕿᓪᓕᖅᓯᓲᑦ. ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓂ ᐸᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐃᒫᖅᑎᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐱᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎ ᐃᓗᐊᓂ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ (Erebus) ᐸᐅᑎᖃᕐᕕᖓᓂ ᓴᐳᒻᒥᑎᕝᕕᖓᒍᑦ, ᓯᑯᓄᑦ ᓱᕋᑦᑕᐅᖁᓐᓇᒍ ᐸᐅᑎᖓᓄ ᑲᐃᕙᔾᔪᑎᖓ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐸᐅᑎᖓ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑭᑖᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᔪᓕᒃ ᐃᓗᓪᓕᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᓴᐳᒻᒥᑎᑦᑎᓗᓂ ᑲᐃᕙᔾᔪᑎᖏᓐᓂ ᐸᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᐃᓂᖓᓃᑦᑎᓐᓇᒋᑦ.
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ᑭᓱᒧᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐆᓲᕕᓂᖅ?
ᐃᕆᐸᔅ (Erebus) ᐊᒻᒪ ᑎᐅᕈᕐ (Terror) ᐊᑐᓂᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓂ ᐸᐅᑎᖃᓚᐅᕐᑑᒃ. ᐋᖅᑭᕝᕕᖏᑦ ᐲᖅᑕᕐᕕᖏᑕᓗ ᐋᖅᑭᔅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᑕᑯᔅᓴᐅᑎᑕᐅᔪᑦ 1845 ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒧᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᒻᒥᑦ. ᐸᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒧᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖏᕋᑎᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅ ᐊᓄᕌᖅᑎᓐᓇᒍ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓯᑯᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᖏᕋᑎᐊᓐᓂᖅᓴᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ.
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ᖃᓄᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᕙ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐸᐅᑏᒃ ᑕᑯᔭᐅᓯᒪᔫᒃ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ (Erebus) ᓇᔪᖅᑕᖓᓂ. ᑕᒪᒃᑮᒃ ᓴᓇᒻᒪᖃᕐᑑᒃ “ᓯᒥᑦ ᓴᓇᐅᒐᖏᓐᓂᑦ”. ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐸᐅᑎ ᓴᐅᓯᓴᒪᔪᖅ ᒪᕐᕋᒥᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᓴᓂᕐᑕᖃᐅᕐᑐᓂ ᐃᖅᑯᐊᓂ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐊᐅᓚᔪᓐᓇᕋᔭᓚᐅᖅᑐᒥᓃᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅ ᑭᕕᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᐊᐃᑉᐸᖓ, ᑕᑯᔅᓴᐅᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐅᕙᓂ, ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖓᓃᑦᑐᖅ ᓇᔪᖅᑕᖓᑕ , ᑕᒪᓐᓇᓗ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᒋᓪᓗᒍ ᐃᓚᖓ ᐅᓕᔅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑐᐱᔅᓴᔭᒧᑦ, ᓇᓪᓕᐅᒃᑯᒫᖓ ᑲᑕᑦᑐᒥᓂᐅᔪᑦᓴᐅᔪᖅ ᖁᓛᓂᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓱᕋᑉᐸᓪᓕᐊᑎᓪᓗᒍ.
ᐸᐅᑎ
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ᓇᑭᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᕙ?
ᑖᓐᓇ 2.18 ᒦᑕᐃᑦ ᑕᑭᓂᖓ ᐸᐅᑎᐅᑉ ᑕᑯᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖅᑲᖓᓂ 43 ᒦᑕᐃᑦ ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖓᓂ ᓯᕗᐊᓂ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ (Erebus).
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ᑭᓱᒥᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᐸᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑲᓐᓄᔭᓂᑦ, ᐃᒻᒪᖃ ᓴᕕᕋᔭ ᕿᓪᓕᖅᓯᓲᑦ. ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓂ ᐸᐅᑎᓕᒃ ᐃᒫᖅᑎᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐱᔭᐅᓪᓗᑎ ᐃᓗᐊᓂ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ (Erebus) ᐸᐅᑎᖃᕐᕕᖓᓂ ᓴᐳᒻᒥᑎᕝᕕᖓᒍᑦ, ᓯᑯᓄᑦ ᓱᕋᑦᑕᐅᖁᓐᓇᒍ ᐸᐅᑎᖓᓄ ᑲᐃᕙᔾᔪᑎᖓ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐸᐅᑎᖓ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑭᑖᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᔪᓕᒃ ᐃᓗᓪᓕᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖅ ᓴᐳᒻᒥᑎᑦᑎᓗᓂ ᑲᐃᕙᔾᔪᑎᖏᓐᓂ ᐸᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᐃᓂᖓᓃᑦᑎᓐᓇᒋᑦ.
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ᑭᓱᒧᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐆᓲᕕᓂᖅ?
ᐃᕆᐸᔅ (Erebus) ᐊᒻᒪ ᑎᐅᕈᕐ (Terror) ᐊᑐᓂᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᓐᓂ ᐸᐅᑎᖃᓚᐅᕐᑑᒃ. ᐋᖅᑭᕝᕕᖏᑦ ᐲᖅᑕᕐᕕᖏᑕᓗ ᐋᖅᑭᔅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᑕᑯᔅᓴᐅᑎᑕᐅᔪᑦ 1845 ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒧᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᐅᒻᒥᑦ. ᐸᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒧᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᖏᕋᑎᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅ ᐊᓄᕌᖅᑎᓐᓇᒍ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓯᑯᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᖏᕋᑎᐊᓐᓂᖅᓴᐅᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ.
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ᖃᓄᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᕙ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐸᐅᑏᒃ ᑕᑯᔭᐅᓯᒪᔫᒃ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ (Erebus) ᓇᔪᖅᑕᖓᓂ. ᑕᒪᒃᑮᒃ ᓴᓇᒻᒪᖃᕐᑑᒃ “ᓯᒥᑦ ᓴᓇᐅᒐᖏᓐᓂᑦ”. ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᐸᐅᑎ ᓴᐅᓯᓴᒪᔪᖅ ᒪᕐᕋᒥᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᓴᓂᕐᑕᖃᐅᕐᑐᓂ ᐃᖅᑯᐊᓂ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐊᐅᓚᔪᓐᓇᕋᔭᓚᐅᖅᑐᒥᓃᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅ ᑭᕕᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᐊᐃᑉᐸᖓ, ᑕᑯᔅᓴᐅᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐅᕙᓂ, ᐅᐊᓐᓇᖓᓃᑦᑐᖅ ᓇᔪᖅᑕᖓᑕ , ᑕᒪᓐᓇᓗ ᐱᔾᔪᑎᒋᓪᓗᒍ ᐃᓚᖓ ᐅᓕᔅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑐᐱᔅᓴᔭᒧᑦ, ᓇᓪᓕᐅᒃᑯᒫᖓ ᑲᑕᑦᑐᒥᓂᐅᔪᑦᓴᐅᔪᖅ ᖁᓛᓂᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓱᕋᑉᐸᓪᓕᐊᑎᓪᓗᒍ.
Recovered from HMS Erebus, on lower deck
September 2023
ᐱᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᑯᐃᓐ ᐅᒥᐊᖁᑖᓂᑦ ᐃᕆᐸᔅ ᒥᑦ (HMS Erebus) ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐊᑦᑎᓐᓂᖓᓂ
ᓯᑎᐱᕆ 2023
Coin
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Where was this artifact found?
This coin was one of a number recovered from a seaman’s chest on the lower deck of Erebus.
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What material is this artifact made of?
This halfpenny is made of copper. A bust of King George III, the date 1806, and the text “Georgius III D.G. Rex” appear on the obverse. A Britannia figure and the word “Britannia” are found on the reverse.
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What was this artifact used for?
In addition to purchasing items ashore, coins could have been used for games and gambling among the crew. That multiple coins seem to have been deliberately left behind suggests adherence to a protocol to leave unnecessary items upon desertion.
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What do we know about this artifact?
This coin was recovered from a seaman’s chest which suggests it belonged to a lower ranking crew member. Able Seamen were typically paid £1. 16/- per month but received double-wages while on Arctic service. Allotment Books record that 30 of the 85 Able Seamen and Petty Officers on the expedition allocated their standard wage, or half of their enhanced wage, to their wives or other family members each month. Muster Books from other ships show that portions of wages were also paid in kind, in the form of ‘necessaries’ such as clothing and tobacco.
Coin
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Where was this artifact found?
This coin was one of a number recovered from a seaman’s chest on the lower deck of Erebus.
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What material is this artifact made of?
This halfpenny is made of copper. A bust of King George III, the date 1806, and the text “Georgius III D.G. Rex” appear on the obverse. A Britannia figure and the word “Britannia” are found on the reverse.
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What was this artifact used for?
In addition to purchasing items ashore, coins could have been used for games and gambling among the crew. That multiple coins seem to have been deliberately left behind suggests adherence to a protocol to leave unnecessary items upon desertion.
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What do we know about this artifact?
This coin was recovered from a seaman’s chest which suggests it belonged to a lower ranking crew member. Able Seamen were typically paid £1. 16/- per month but received double-wages while on Arctic service. Allotment Books record that 30 of the 85 Able Seamen and Petty Officers on the expedition allocated their standard wage, or half of their enhanced wage, to their wives or other family members each month. Muster Books from other ships show that portions of wages were also paid in kind, in the form of ‘necessaries’ such as clothing and tobacco.
Coin
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Where was this artifact found?
This coin was one of a number recovered from a seaman’s chest on the lower deck of Erebus.
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What material is this artifact made of?
This halfpenny is made of copper. A bust of King George III, the date 1806, and the text “Georgius III D.G. Rex” appear on the obverse. A Britannia figure and the word “Britannia” are found on the reverse.
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What was this artifact used for?
In addition to purchasing items ashore, coins could have been used for games and gambling among the crew. That multiple coins seem to have been deliberately left behind suggests adherence to a protocol to leave unnecessary items upon desertion.
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What do we know about this artifact?
This coin was recovered from a seaman’s chest which suggests it belonged to a lower ranking crew member. Able Seamen were typically paid £1. 16/- per month but received double-wages while on Arctic service. Allotment Books record that 30 of the 85 Able Seamen and Petty Officers on the expedition allocated their standard wage, or half of their enhanced wage, to their wives or other family members each month. Muster Books from other ships show that portions of wages were also paid in kind, in the form of ‘necessaries’ such as clothing and tobacco.
ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅ
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ᓇᑭᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᕙ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒥᓲᔪᓂᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᖑᖃᑕᐅᔫᑉ ᑭᓱᒐᓚᖃᕐᕕᖓᓂ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐊᑦᑎᓐᓂᖓᓂ ᐃᕆᐸᔅᒥ (Erebus).
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ᑭᓱᒥᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᓇᑉᐸᖓ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑲᓐᓄᔭᒥᑦ. ᓴᓇᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᑭᖕ ᔪᐊᔾᒧᑦ III, ᐊᕐᕌᒍᖓᓂ 1806, ᐊᒻᒪ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅᑕᓕᒃ “Georgius III D.G. Rex” (ᔪᐊᔾᔨᖑᔅ III D.G. ᕆᐊᒃ) ᑕᑯᔅᓴᐅᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ . ᐳᕆᑖᓂᐊ ᐊᔾᔨᓐᖑᐊᑉ ᐊᒻᒪ ᑎᑎᕋᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑦ “Britannia” (ᐳᕆᑖᓐᓂᐊ) ᑐᓄᐊᓂ.
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ᑭᓱᒧᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐆᓲᕕᓂᖅ?
ᓂᐅᕕᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᕐᑐᑦ ᓴᕕᕋᔭᓄᑦ ᓯᖃᓖᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓄᑦ ᑭᓱᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᑦ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᐃᑦ ᓯᖃᓖᑦ ᐱᓐᖑᐊᕈᑎᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᐃᔭᕈᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒦᖃᑕᐅᔪᓄᑦ. ᐊᒥᓱᒐᓚᐃᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᐃᑦ ᐱᔮᖅᑯᒻᒥ ᕿᒪᑦᑕᐅᓯᒪᔫᔮᖅᑐᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔪᑦ ᒪᓕᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓕᓐᓂᑦ ᕿᒪᐃᓕᓪᓚᕆᓕᕋᐃᒻᒪᑕ ᐅᖁᒪᐃᓗᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᕐᑐᓂᑦ.
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ᖃᓄᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᕙ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅ ᐱᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᖑᖃᑕᐅᔫᑉ ᑭᓱᒐᓚᖃᕐᕕᖓᓂ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔪᖅ ᐱᒋᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᖏᔪᖅᑲᐅᑎᐅᖏᓂᖅᓴᓄᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒦᑦᑐᓄᑦ. ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑏᑦ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ £1.16/ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥ ᑕᖅᑭᒥᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᐱᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᐊᑎᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᔅᓵᖏᓐᓂ ᐅᑭᐅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᐱᔨᑦᑎᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᑐᓂᔭᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᒐᐃᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ 30 ᐅᑯᓇᓂ 85 ᐅᒥᐊᑐᖅᑎᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐊᖏᔪᖅᑲᐅᑎᐅᖏᓂᖅᓴᐃᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑐᓂᓯᔭᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᔅᓵᕆᒐᔪᑦᑕᖏᓐᓂ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓇᑉᐸᖏᓐᓂ ᖁᕝᕙᕆᐊᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔾᔭᔅᓵᖏᓐᓂᑦ, ᓄᓕᐊᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑕᖅᑭᑕᒫᑦ. ᑲᑎᙵᔪᓄᑦ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᒐᐃᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᓂᑦ ᑕᑯᔅᓴᐅᑎᑦᑎᔪᑦ ᑖᔅᓱᒪ ᐃᓚᖓᓂ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᔅᓵᓂᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒎᖏᑦᑐᖅ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᑕᐅᕙᒪᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᑦ, ᐅᑯᐊᖑᓪᓗᑎ “ᐱᑕᖃᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᓂᑦ” ᓲᕐᓗ ᐊᓐᓄᕌᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᑕᕝᕚᑲᐃᑦ.
ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅ
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ᓇᑭᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᕙ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒥᓲᔪᓂᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᖑᖃᑕᐅᔫᑉ ᑭᓱᒐᓚᖃᕐᕕᖓᓂ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐊᑦᑎᓐᓂᖓᓂ ᐃᕆᐸᔅᒥ (Erebus).
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ᑭᓱᒥᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᓇᑉᐸᖓ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑲᓐᓄᔭᒥᑦ. ᓴᓇᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᑭᖕ ᔪᐊᔾᒧᑦ III, ᐊᕐᕌᒍᖓᓂ 1806, ᐊᒻᒪ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅᑕᓕᒃ “Georgius III D.G. Rex” (ᔪᐊᔾᔨᖑᔅ III D.G. ᕆᐊᒃ) ᑕᑯᔅᓴᐅᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ . ᐳᕆᑖᓂᐊ ᐊᔾᔨᓐᖑᐊᑉ ᐊᒻᒪ ᑎᑎᕋᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑦ “Britannia” (ᐳᕆᑖᓐᓂᐊ) ᑐᓄᐊᓂ.
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ᑭᓱᒧᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐆᓲᕕᓂᖅ?
ᓂᐅᕕᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᕐᑐᑦ ᓴᕕᕋᔭᓄᑦ ᓯᖃᓖᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓄᑦ ᑭᓱᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᑦ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᐃᑦ ᓯᖃᓖᑦ ᐱᓐᖑᐊᕈᑎᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᐃᔭᕈᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒦᖃᑕᐅᔪᓄᑦ. ᐊᒥᓱᒐᓚᐃᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᐃᑦ ᐱᔮᖅᑯᒻᒥ ᕿᒪᑦᑕᐅᓯᒪᔫᔮᖅᑐᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔪᑦ ᒪᓕᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓕᓐᓂᑦ ᕿᒪᐃᓕᓪᓚᕆᓕᕋᐃᒻᒪᑕ ᐅᖁᒪᐃᓗᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᕐᑐᓂᑦ.
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ᖃᓄᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᕙ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅ ᐱᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᖑᖃᑕᐅᔫᑉ ᑭᓱᒐᓚᖃᕐᕕᖓᓂ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔪᖅ ᐱᒋᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᖏᔪᖅᑲᐅᑎᐅᖏᓂᖅᓴᓄᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒦᑦᑐᓄᑦ. ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑏᑦ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ £1.16/ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥ ᑕᖅᑭᒥᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᐱᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᐊᑎᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᔅᓵᖏᓐᓂ ᐅᑭᐅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᐱᔨᑦᑎᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᑐᓂᔭᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᒐᐃᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ 30 ᐅᑯᓇᓂ 85 ᐅᒥᐊᑐᖅᑎᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐊᖏᔪᖅᑲᐅᑎᐅᖏᓂᖅᓴᐃᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑐᓂᓯᔭᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᔅᓵᕆᒐᔪᑦᑕᖏᓐᓂ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓇᑉᐸᖏᓐᓂ ᖁᕝᕙᕆᐊᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔾᔭᔅᓵᖏᓐᓂᑦ, ᓄᓕᐊᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑕᖅᑭᑕᒫᑦ. ᑲᑎᙵᔪᓄᑦ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᒐᐃᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᓂᑦ ᑕᑯᔅᓴᐅᑎᑦᑎᔪᑦ ᑖᔅᓱᒪ ᐃᓚᖓᓂ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᔅᓵᓂᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒎᖏᑦᑐᖅ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᑕᐅᕙᒪᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᑦ, ᐅᑯᐊᖑᓪᓗᑎ “ᐱᑕᖃᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᓂᑦ” ᓲᕐᓗ ᐊᓐᓄᕌᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᑕᕝᕚᑲᐃᑦ.
ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅ
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ᓇᑭᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᓇᓂᔭᐅᕙ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᒥᓲᔪᓂᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᖑᖃᑕᐅᔫᑉ ᑭᓱᒐᓚᖃᕐᕕᖓᓂ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᐊᑦᑎᓐᓂᖓᓂ ᐃᕆᐸᔅᒥ (Erebus).
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ᑭᓱᒥᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᓇᑉᐸᖓ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑲᓐᓄᔭᒥᑦ. ᓴᓇᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᑭᖕ ᔪᐊᔾᒧᑦ III, ᐊᕐᕌᒍᖓᓂ 1806, ᐊᒻᒪ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅᑕᓕᒃ “Georgius III D.G. Rex” (ᔪᐊᔾᔨᖑᔅ III D.G. ᕆᐊᒃ) ᑕᑯᔅᓴᐅᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗ . ᐳᕆᑖᓂᐊ ᐊᔾᔨᓐᖑᐊᑉ ᐊᒻᒪ ᑎᑎᕋᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑦ “Britannia” (ᐳᕆᑖᓐᓂᐊ) ᑐᓄᐊᓂ.
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ᑭᓱᒧᑦ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐆᓲᕕᓂᖅ?
ᓂᐅᕕᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᕐᑐᑦ ᓴᕕᕋᔭᓄᑦ ᓯᖃᓖᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓄᑦ ᑭᓱᑐᐃᓐᓇᕐᓂᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᑦ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᐃᑦ ᓯᖃᓖᑦ ᐱᓐᖑᐊᕈᑎᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᐃᔭᕈᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒦᖃᑕᐅᔪᓄᑦ. ᐊᒥᓱᒐᓚᐃᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᐃᑦ ᐱᔮᖅᑯᒻᒥ ᕿᒪᑦᑕᐅᓯᒪᔫᔮᖅᑐᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔪᑦ ᒪᓕᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓕᓐᓂᑦ ᕿᒪᐃᓕᓪᓚᕆᓕᕋᐃᒻᒪᑕ ᐅᖁᒪᐃᓗᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᕐᑐᓂᑦ.
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ᖃᓄᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᕙ ᐅᓇ ᐃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑕᖅ?
ᑖᓐᓇ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖅ ᐱᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᖑᖃᑕᐅᔫᑉ ᑭᓱᒐᓚᖃᕐᕕᖓᓂ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᖅᓯᔪᖅ ᐱᒋᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐊᖏᔪᖅᑲᐅᑎᐅᖏᓂᖅᓴᓄᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᒦᑦᑐᓄᑦ. ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᐃᑲᔪᖅᑏᑦ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ £1.16/ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥ ᑕᖅᑭᒥᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᐱᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᐊᑎᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᔅᓵᖏᓐᓂ ᐅᑭᐅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᐱᔨᑦᑎᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᑐᓂᔭᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᒐᐃᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ 30 ᐅᑯᓇᓂ 85 ᐅᒥᐊᑐᖅᑎᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓂᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᐊᖏᔪᖅᑲᐅᑎᐅᖏᓂᖅᓴᐃᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑐᓂᓯᔭᐅᕙᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᔅᓵᕆᒐᔪᑦᑕᖏᓐᓂ, ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓇᑉᐸᖏᓐᓂ ᖁᕝᕙᕆᐊᖅᓯᒪᔪᓂᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔾᔭᔅᓵᖏᓐᓂᑦ, ᓄᓕᐊᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑕᖅᑭᑕᒫᑦ. ᑲᑎᙵᔪᓄᑦ ᐅᖃᓕᒫᒐᐃᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᓂᑦ ᑕᑯᔅᓴᐅᑎᑦᑎᔪᑦ ᑖᔅᓱᒪ ᐃᓚᖓᓂ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᔅᓵᓂᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒎᖏᑦᑐᖅ ᐊᑭᓕᖅᑕᐅᕙᒪᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᑦ, ᐅᑯᐊᖑᓪᓗᑎ “ᐱᑕᖃᕆᐊᖃᖅᑐᓂᑦ” ᓲᕐᓗ ᐊᓐᓄᕌᑦ ᐊᒻᒪ ᑕᕝᕚᑲᐃᑦ.
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